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INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES

During the first quarter of the nineteenth century, most of South America achieved independence

from Spain or Portugal. In the northern part of the continent, Simón Bolívar led a revolutionary

movement that toppled Spanish rule in what are now the nations of Panama, Colombia, Venezuela,

Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Paraguay won their independence under the leadership of José de

San Martín. In 1822, Brazil declared its independence from Portugal, and three years later Portugal recognized it as a sovereign nation—the only one in South America to achieve independence peacefully.

출처 : The Modern World - by Sarolta Takács, Ph.D. (2008)  - Americas 편 84page