한수정 공정무역 아름다운커피 사무처장님의 숙제로 이 글을 씁니다.^^;
아래 신문기사를 참고자료로 올렸더니 번역을 해보라고해서
내맘대로 해석을 해봤습니다.
혹시 몰라서 밑에 원문도 함께 올릴께~ (너무 믿지는 마~)
제목 : 서아프리카 국가들에게 더 쓴맛을 남긴 초콜렛 전쟁
- 부제 : 농가 소득 보전세(LID)를 통한 코코아 가격 상승이 빈곤한 농민의 시름을 덜어주는가 했더니만, 초콜렛 생산 기업들에게 역풍을 맞게 되었다.
- 부제 : 전세계 코코아 생산의 60%나 담당하는 국가들이 왜 가격 조정에 아무런 힘도 없을까?
전세계 초콜렛 시장은 1000억$ 정도인데, 원료인 코코아 생산의 60%(2019-2000년 수확량 기준, 통계 출처: ICCO)를 담당하는 가나와 코트디부아르의 농민들은 여전히 가난에 시달리고 있다. 구체적으로 살펴보면, 제과점 등에서 최종 판매되는 초콜렛 가격의 6.6%만이 농민들에게 돌아가고 있는 실정이다. 농민들의 가난을 경감시켜주고자 두 국가에서는 올해 생산분부터 코코아 판매가격에 특별 요금(living income differential” (LID : 농가 소득 보전세) - 1톤당 400$)을 부가하기로 하였다.
그러자, 미국의 허쉬사는 LID를 피하고자 뉴욕의 선물시장을 통해 코코아를 사들이려는 꼼수를 부렸다. 이에 Ivorian Conseil du Café-Cacao와 Ghana Cocoa Board는 올 1월에 허쉬사를 고발 조치하였다.
(주석 : 허쉬는 왜 선물시장에서 구입하려고 했을까? 그리고 기사 본문에서 왜 허쉬는 이 행위가 실제로는 농민들을 위한 일이였다고 말하였을까? 선물이라는 것이 원래 농산물의 안정적인 가격을 위해 탄생한 제도이다. 농사는 하늘과 동업하는 일이라고 누가 말했듯이, 천재지변에 따라 가격도 널뛰기를 한다. 현재와 미래 사이에 적절한 헷징은 일반적으로 농산물 가격의 안정화를 유도하는데 도움이 된다. 2020-2021시즌 수확량은 확실히 전년도에 비해 많은 것으로 추정된다. 아무런 방비도 없으면 2021년 수확철 코코아의 가격은 생각하는 수준 이상으로 하락할 수도 있다. 시장 가격의 폭락을 막아주는 것이 선물 거래의 장점이기도 하다. 이래서 허쉬는 선물시장에서 코코아를 구매하는 것이 농민에게도 도움이 되는 일이라고 주장한 것이다. 하지만 이런 행위 또한 기업의 이익을 극대화하려는 것임은 자명하다. 한마디로, 허쉬사는 톤당 400$의 LID를 지불하면서 사고싶지는 않다는 것이다.)
또한 양국 당국도 가만히 앉아서 당하고만은 있지 않고, 할 수 있는 최소한의 맞대응을 시작하였다. 초콜렛 기업들은 양국에서 전 세계인들이 관심을 갖고 있는 어린이 노동 착취 금지, 열대 우림 파괴 예방과 같은 지속가능한개발 프로그램을 운영해왔는데 당국은 LID를 지불하지 않으면 기업들의 위선적인 프로그램을 금지시키겠다고 발표하였다. 하지만 협상카드로 사용한 지속가능한개발 프로그램 자체는 농민들에게도 좋은 일이라는 것이 이율배반적이기도 하다.
두 국가는 지속가능한개발 프로그램에 대한 취소 카드를 통해 좀 더 유리한 위치에 서고자 한다. 이런 협상용 카드를 쓰면서도 가장 중요한 사안인 '코코아에 대한 가격 협상력'은 왜 갖출 수가 없는지가 더 궁금하다. 두 국가가 전세계 60%의 원료를 공급하는데, 코코아 가격에 아무런 힘도 쓸 수 없다니.
익명을 요구한 가나의 관리는 이렇게 말한다. "농민들은 협상 포지션이 약하기 때문에 기업측이 도덕적인 죄책감을 들게 해서 돈을 더 낼 수 있도록 하는 전략을 구사해야 합니다. 예를 들어 대중의 정서, 환경적 측면의 지속가능한 발전, 어린이 노동 착취, 소득 불평등 문제와 같은 사안에 관해서 말이죠."
또한 정부가 설정한 farmgate price (farmgate price=농산물 시장가격-운송비, 마케팅 비용 등..)은 높아지는데, 역설적이게도 시장에서 코코아 공급은 증가하고 있다. 지속가능한 영농에 대한 요구는 더 커지는데 반해, 농민들은 한푼이라도 더 벌어야하기에 코코아 생산을 늘리고 있으니 시장 가격은 떨어질 수 밖에 없다.
2021년은 양국의 큰 선거가 있는 해입니다. 양국 정부는 코코아 가격을 20% 인상한 톤당 2600$로 책정했지만 농민들 생계에 필요한 비용보다 약 톤당 500$가 낮은 상황이다. 가격 상승을 원한다면 시장의 공급을 줄여야할텐데, 문제는 최근 5년간 코코아 생산량은 증가하고 있다는 것이다.
특히 올해(2020-2021시즌)는 코코아 생산량이 기록적인 수준이 될 것으로 예측되는데다 글로벌 수요감소와 LID부과로 인해 판매 계약은 평년 수준보다 훨씬 낮다고 한다. 남아도는 코코아는 창고에 천장 가득히 쌓여가면 농민들의 고통은 더 커질 것으로 예상된다.
코코아 중개인의 입장에서 볼 때 LID는 운영에 대한 투명성과 책임감 부족으로 구매자들 사이에서는 불만이 많다고 한다. 또한 LID는 시간이 지남에 따라 지속가능하지도 않고 반드시 개편되어야 한다고 주장한다.
두 국가가 함께 코코아 가격을 조절하려 하겠지만 그게 쉬운 일은 아닐 것이다. 왜냐하면 소농민들은 당장의 생활비 마련을 위해 물건을 당장 내다 팔고 싶어하고, 경쟁 생산자는 시장 점유율을 높이기 위해 내다 팔고 싶어하기 때문이다.
가나의 싱크 탱크 연구원은 이런 말을 남겼다. "상품시장에서 카르텔은 살아남기 위해 산전수전 공중전을 다 겪게 됩니다. 이게 지난 수십년간의 교훈입니다."
The 100,000 cocoa farmers Frank Okyere represents as head of Ghana’s Kuapa Kokoo cooperative eke out meagre lives despite producing the raw material for a global chocolate industry worth an annual $100bn in retail sales.
The world’s two largest cocoa producing countries, Ivory Coast and Ghana, have added a supplement to the sale price in an effort to alleviate poverty.
But a dispute over whether global buyers were prepared to pay illustrates how hard it will be for the two nations to control and lift prices in an industry dominated by millions of smallholders.
“We are not asking too much from industry, just meet our cost of production and help us get something small to live,” said Mr Okyere. “I don’t think it’s too much to ask, because once they do that they can still make big profits.”
The disagreement centred on a $400-a-onne “living income differential” (LID) added to the price of cocoa harvested from this crop year, bought from Ivory Coast and Ghana, which account for 60 per cent of global production.
In the past few years they have collaborated to try to raise the share farmers earn — just 6.6 per cent of the sale price of a bar of the confectionery, according to the Cocoa Barometer, published by Voice Network, an umbrella group for 17 non-government organisations.
In letters circulated in the industry, the Ivorian Conseil du Café-Cacao and the Ghana Cocoa Board this month
accused the chocolate producers of trying to avoid the LID after US group Hershey took the rare step of sourcing cocoa beans from the futures market in New York. Analysts said this meant it did not have to pay the supplement, although Hershey said it was supportive of improving farmers’ livelihoods. Buyers normally purchase the commodity from traders that source directly from Ghana and Ivory Coast.
Authorities in both nations responded by banning the company from operating sustainability programmes on their soil — initiatives businesses are keen to support amid increasing global focus on sustainability and issues such as deforestation and child labour. While the chocolate producer’s commitments to pay the LID ended the dispute, it demonstrated the limited leverage held by producers.
Ivory Coast and Ghana sought to punish Hershey by suspending programmes despite their benefits for farmers, said Kobi Annan, Accraased consultant at Songhai Advisory, a business intelligence firm. By cancelling the initiatives, they wanted to hold more cards “when we sit down and solve this big problem:
why do countries who produce 60 percent of a commodity have no real power in setting its price?”
But ultimately, said a Ghanaian official speaking on condition of anonymity, “your negotiating position is not that strong, so you’re entirely dependent on public sentiment, environmental sustainability concerns, child labour concerns, income inequality concerns, to make the other party feel a little guilty so they contribute more”.
Part of the problem is that rising farmgate prices — set by the government — and an increase in sustainability programmes have encouraged millions of small farmers who are desperate for cash to produce more, weighing on market prices. This year, an election year in both countries, governments jointly raised the price by about 20 per cent to $2,600 a tonne, still $500 less than the Cocoa Barometer estimates farmers need to earn a living wage.
Global cocoa output has grown 18 percent over the past five years to 4.7m tonnes, with top producer Ivory Coast producing 2.1m tonnes in the last crop year, up almost a third, according to the International Cocoa Organisation of producing and consuming countries. Ghana produced 800,000 tonnes, an increase of 3 per cent.
“If you want [world] prices to rise, you do not produce considerably more than the market needs,” said Derek Chambers, former head of cocoa at French trader Sucden.
There is now rising concern that Ivory Coast and Ghana will be left holding unsold cocoa in a year when the harvest is expected to be at record levels, analysts say. As a result of lower global demand and the LID, sales agreements in the two countries for this crop year and next are far below normal, said Jonathan Parkman at commodity brokers Marex Spectron.
Deals covering about 70 per cent to 80 per cent of their crop for the current year and about 5 per cent for the following year compared with normal years, where both would have sales agreements for all their current year cocoa and about 20 per cent to 25 per cent for the following year’s harvest, he said.
Mr Parkman said there was frustration among buyers over a lack of transparency and accountability around the LID operation. “The LID is going to have to be reformed. It’s not sustainable as it is over time,” he added.
Antonie Fountain of the Voice Network said some of the confectionery groups were putting profits ahead of farmers’ wellbeing.
But brokers and analysts said efforts by Ivory Coast and Ghana to collaborate and control prices would struggle, partly because of smallholders’ desire for cash and rival producers’ ability to expand market share.
“It’s a very difficult situation,” said Bright Simons, a researcher at Ghanian think-tank Imani.
“Ultimately cartels struggle in commodities. That’s the lesson of the last couple of decades.”
The 100,000 cocoa farmers Frank Okyere represents as head of Ghana’s Kuapa Kokoo coperative eke out meagre lives despite producing the raw material for a global chocolate industry worth an annual $100bn in retail sales.
The world’s two largest cocoa producing countries, Ivory Coast and Ghana, have added a supplement to the sale price in an effort to alleviate poverty.
But a dispute over whether global buyers were prepared to pay illustrates how hard it will be for the two nations to control and lift prices in an industry dominated by millions of smallholders.
“We are not asking too much from industry, just meet our cost of production and help us get something small to live,” said Mr Okyere. “I don’t think it’s too much to ask, because once they do that they can still make big profits.”
The disagreement centred on a $400-a-onne “living income differential” (LID) added to the price of cocoa harvested from this crop year, bought from Ivory Coast and Ghana, which account for 60 per cent of global production.
In the past few years they have collaborated to try to raise the share farmers earn — just 6.6 per cent of the sale price of a bar of the confectionery, according to the Cocoa Barometer, published by Voice Network, an umbrella group for 17 non-government organisations.
In letters circulated in the industry, the Ivorian Conseil du Café-Cacao and the Ghana Cocoa Board this month
accused the chocolate producers of trying to avoid the LID after US group Hershey took the rare step of sourcing cocoa beans from the futures market in New York. Analysts said this meant it did not have to pay the supplement, although Hershey said it was supportive of improving farmers’ livelihoods. Buyers normally purchase the commodity from traders that source directly from Ghana and Ivory Coast.
Authorities in both nations responded by banning the company from operating sustainability programmes on their soil — initiatives businesses are keen to support amid increasing global focus on sustainability and issues such as deforestation and child labour. While the chocolate producer’s commitments to pay the LID ended the dispute, it demonstrated the limited leverage held by producers.
Ivory Coast and Ghana sought to punish Hershey by suspending programmes despite their benefits for farmers, said Kobi Annan, Accra-based consultant at Songhai Advisory, a business intelligence firm. By cancelling the initiatives, they wanted to hold more cards “when we sit down and solve this big problem:
why do countries who produce 60 percent of a commodity have no real power in setting its price?”
But ultimately, said a Ghanaian official speaking on condition of anonymity, “your negotiating position is not that strong, so you’re entirely dependent on public sentiment, environmental sustainability concerns, child labour concerns, income inequality concerns, to make the other party feel a little guilty so they contribute more”.
Part of the problem is that rising farmgate prices — set by the government — and an increase in sustainability programmes have encouraged millions of small farmers who are desperate for cash to produce more, weighing on market prices. This year, an election year in both countries, governments jointly raised the price by about 20 per cent to $2,600 a tonne, still $500 less than the Cocoa Barometer estimates farmers need to earn a living wage.
Global cocoa output has grown 18 percent over the past five years to 4.7m tonnes, with top producer Ivory Coast producing 2.1m tonnes in the last crop year, up almost a third, according to the International Cocoa Organisation of producing and consuming countries.
Ghana produced 800,000 tonnes, an increase of 3 per cent.
“If you want [world] prices to rise, you do not produce considerably more than the market needs,” said Derek Chambers, former head of cocoa at French trader Sucden.
There is now rising concern that Ivory Coast and Ghana will be left holding unsold cocoa in a year when the harvest is expected to be at record levels, analysts say. As a result of lower global demand and the LID, sales agreements in the two countries for this crop year and next are far below normal, said Jonathan Parkman at commodity brokers Marex Spectron.
Deals covering about 70 per cent to 80 per cent of their crop for the current year and about 5 per cent for the following year compared with normal years, where both would have sales agreements for all their current year cocoa and about 20 per cent to 25 per cent for the following year’s harvest, he said.
Mr Parkman said there was frustration among buyers over a lack of transparency and accountability around the LID operation. “The LID is going to have to be reformed. It’s not sustainable as it is over time,” he added.
Antonie Fountain of the Voice Network said some of the confectionery groups were putting profits ahead of farmers’ wellbeing.
But brokers and analysts said efforts by Ivory Coast and Ghana to collaborate and control prices would struggle, partly because of smallholders’ desire for cash and rival producers’ ability to expand market share.
“It’s a very difficult situation,” said Bright Simons, a researcher at Ghanian think-tank Imani.
“Ultimately cartels struggle in commodities. That’s the lesson of the last couple of decades.”
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