영국, 독일의 Geen Belts 미국의 Urban Growth Boundaries

Environment - Science, Issues, Solutions by Brendan Burrell, Manuel Molles (2016) W. H.Freeman - 121page

 

 

 

Map showing the spatial extent of green belts in England, 1935–

 

Metropolitan green belts act as valuable urban containment devices and significant green buffers, networks

and corridors. Constantly under pressure from development, the integrity of green belts is relatively intact in

the UK (including that of London, proposed in 1935). While perhaps not the ring of ‘countryside’ that they were

intended to be (and heavily dissected by roads fragmenting green corridor continuity), these peri-urban green

spaces act as softscape buffer zones, providing substantial barriers to urban and suburban sprawl and urban

mergers. Importantly, green belts help the cleansing process of urban brownfield land by restricting availability

of greenfield land for development. Beyond their existing and passive benefits, they possess immense

potential for increased ecosystem service provision, multifunctional and productive landscapes

 

 

 

 

Urban Growth Boundaries, USA

 

In the USA, the first urban growth boundary was established in 1958 around the city of Lexington, Kentucky and

the first state-wide policy in 1973 when the Oregon legislature passed its landmark law requiring each state

municipality to draw a boundary which urbanization could not pass. The US states of Oregon, Washington and

Tennessee require cities to establish urban growth boundaries. Each of Oregon’s 241 cities has an urban growth

boundary (with Portland being a well-known example, first established in 1979). Although not as substantial as

green belts, urban growth boundaries—the circumscribing of an entire urbanized area—can help to reduce or

stop continuous low density sprawl of cities and suburbia. This land use planning technique assists brownfield

cleansing, increased urban density and protects agricultural, rural and conservation land on the peri-urban

fringe. Urban growth boundaries can be moved or removed by governments to facilitate the release of land

and hence are prone to development lobbying.

 

 

 

 

German Green Belt (Grünes Band Deutschland), 1989–

 

The German Green belt is an 870 mile (1,400km) ecological corridor along Germany’s former east–west border

sector (part of the USSR’s former ‘Iron Curtain’ boundary dividing Europe and the USSR from the end of World

War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991). This past network of fences and guard towers enabled

several decades of undisturbed natural development largely free from human intervention and is now one of

the world’s most unique nature reserves.

In addition to the ‘no man’s land’ of the border strip, extensive tracts of inaccessible adjacent land host 600 rare

and endangered species of birds, mammals, plants and insects in a system of interlinked biotopes. An initiative

of one of Germany’s largest environmental groups, Bund Naturschutz (BUND), it informally began in 1975 and

more formally in 1989 after the ‘Pan-European Picnic’, the fall of the Berlin Wall and lifting of the Iron Curtain.

Former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev’s 2002 endorsement, German Chancellor Angela Merkel’s 2005

National Natural Heritage designation, and various other strategies and federal processes have secured the

land for nature conservation activities.

 

 

 

 

 

European Green Belt, 2003–

 

The European Green Belt is an ecological corridor aiming to connect high-value natural and cultural

landscapes across 24 countries along the former Iron Curtain. The 2003 initiative merged existing regional

schemes into one European initiative divided in three regional sections: Fennoscandian (Norway, Finland,

Russia, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia); Central European (Poland, Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria,

Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Italy); and the Balkan/South eastern European (Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo,

Bulgaria, Romania, Republic of Macedonia, Albania, Greece and Turkey). The 7,770 mile (12,500km) border zone

granted nature an almost four decade pause, unwittingly encouraging habitat conservation. Crossing nearly all

European bioregions, over 40 national parks are directly situated along it, with more than 3,200 protected

nature areas within 31 miles (50km) either side of its corridor. It is a symbol for transboundary cooperation,

shared and European natural and cultural heritage, and a restored ecological network consistent with the vision

of the European Landscape Convention

 

 

 

출처 : Landscape Architecture and Environmental Sustainability (2017) - 70page