스웨덴의 생태도시 malmö (말뫼)

Figure 17.1  A Symbol of Sustainability

the turning torso building designed by architect Santiago Calatrava dominates the skyline of malmö’s Western Harbor District.
this building’s environmentally sustainable design is emblematic of planning and renewal throughout the city.

Figure 17.2  A Strategic Location

malmö’s location on the Øresund Strait contributed to its development as an important European center for fishing and commerce.
the Øresund tunnel-bridge that connects Copenhagen to malmö is visible in this satellite photograph.

Figure 17.3  The City of Parks

malmö’s Green Plan envisions 16 green corridors connecting the city’s many parks.

Malmö—Sweden’s Green City

In malmö, Sweden, the turning torso building towers above all other buildings ( Figure 17.1 ).
this new apartment building is intended to mimic the human body in motion.
In many ways, this building also symbolizes the remarkable history of change in this, Sweden’s third largest city.

In A.D. 1275, malmö was established as a fortress city to monitor
and control the movement of ships through the narrow Øresund strait
that connects the Atlantic ocean with the baltic Sea ( Figure 17.2 ).
by 1450, malmö’s strategic location had allowed it to become
a major center of fishing and commerce in northern Europe.

During the 19th century, malmö became Europe’s largest shipbuilding center.
this industry anchored malmö’s economy and supported the development of other industries,
including food processing and the production of leather goods and textiles.
throughout these seven centuries, malmö enjoyed continuous growth in its population and economy.

In the late 20th century malmö fell on harder times.
An economic recession in the 1980s forced the closure of malmö’s shipyards.
the economic impact of their closure cascaded through the city’s economy.
by 1990, the city’s population had declined by 15%.
buildings and public spaces were beginning to deteriorate.
Indicators of community decline, such as unemployment, crime, and suicide rates,
were the highest in all of Sweden.

Despite these challenges, malmö began to renew itself as a sustainable city, spurred on
by strong leadership from its City Council and a variety of citizen groups.
In 1997, the City Council adopted its Local Agenda 21, modeled after the Global Agenda 21,
which was adopted by the United nations at its 1992 Conference on Environment and Development.
Global Agenda 21 is a set of strategies that countries can use to
diminish their negative impacts on the environment while increasing the well-being of their people.
Similarly, malmö’s goal was to improve its local environment
and thereby the health of its population.
the city was committed to becoming a model for sustainable development
in both its day-to-day work and its long-term planning.

Public education and engagement are key components of Local Agenda 21.
Immediately after its adoption,
the city implemented an outreach and public participation program
to assist in the development of its environmental strategy.
Exhibitions showcasing elements of urban sustainable development were displayed at local libraries,
and a monthly Agenda 21 newsletter highlighting new projects was distributed throughout the city.
the city published a children’s book focusing on environmental issues and human health
and distributed it to every malmö child between the ages of six and eight.
With widespread public support, malmö has inaugurated programs to improve energy use,
reduce waste, and develop open space.

the spirit of turning torso is especially evident in malmö’s partnership with the private utility eon Sweden,
which has the goal of obtaining 100% of the city’s electrical energy from renewable sources.
today, solar collectors provide hot water to most of the city’s buildings.
Innovative heat pump systems extract heat from seawater and groundwater.
A 2-megawatt wind turbine and photovoltaic panels on a single large building
provide virtually all of the electricity to over 5,000 homes and businesses in the city’s Western Harbor area.
All of the apartments in the turning torso have units to convert organic waste into biogas,
which is used for cooking and to fuel vehicles.
With these sources of renewable energy and the expansion of its biofuel-powered public transportation system,
malmö aims to reduce its emissions of carbon dioxide to 25% less than 1990 levels by 2012.

outside, malmö is using its existing system of city parks to anchor a larger system of green spaces.
Sixteen green corridors provide streams, ponds,
and other wildlife habitats, as well as a system of bike trails ( Figure 17.3 ).
these green spaces are designed to improve stormwater infiltration, increase biological diversity,
and provide opportunities for recreation and human-powered transportation.

All of these efforts have been coupled with programs to improve
the health and well-being of malmö’s citizens.
these include educational programs dealing with nutrition, smoking, and alcohol use.
With support from the Swedish government, the city has begun a program
to offer affordable housing to singles, small and large families,
and the elderly in compact developments with easy access to public spaces and services.

malmö’s Local Agenda 21 is also a commitment to influence sustainable development in other communities.
In 1998, the city founded malmö University, 
which has a focus on environment, conservation of natural resources, ethnicity, and gender.
In addition, malmö has joined other cities in the Sustainable Energy Communities
and Urban Areas in Europe (SECUrE) project,
which provides opportunities for sharing ideas for energy conservation.

yet challenges remain. In parts of the city, crime rates are still high.
A rapid influx of immigrants presents challenges on many fronts.
the city is struggling to meet its Agenda 21 goals in the suburban communities
that are rapidly growing outward from the city center.
nevertheless, malmö’s health indicators are improving, and its unemployment rate
has dropped from 16% in 1996 to less than 8% in 2011.
Since then it has remained below 8% despite a worldwide economic recession.

the problems of decaying urban infrastructure and rapid suburban growth
are shared by cities around the world.
What are the causes of these changes?
Can cities around the world become sustainable
from the standpoint of the environment, economy, and community?
these are some of the questions that are central to this chapter.

출처 : The Environment and You by Norman Christensen (2012) Pearson - 518page

Malmö, Sweden, 1998–2005

Created as part of the 2001 European Housing Expo, the housing development occupies a formerly

contaminated island of reclaimed land. Environmental features include: soil remediation coupled with a highly

permeable stormwater system; green roofs reducing runoff; aesthetic WSUD; gardens of 50 plant varieties

providing habitat (returning mixed results); 50% open space dedication; and favoring walking/cycling. The

energy system is designed to provide for 914,930 square feet (85,000m 2 ) of living space, producing 6,300 MWh

heating, 4,450 MWh electricity, and 1,000 MWh cooling (exported off-site). Heating and cooling is extracted by

pump from 10 cold and warm wells in a 130–230 foot deep aquifer (40–70m) containing a stable temperature of

10–11°C throughout the year. Solid waste management and solar thermal collectors (15,070 square

foot/1,400m 2 ; 2,150 square foot/200m 2 vacuum collectors) produce additional heat. The electricity system is

grid connected to balance supply and demand from its 2MW wind turbine and 1,290 square foot (120m 2 )

photovoltaic solar panels. The district matches production with consumption, and residents can track their use

(higher than anticipated). Sustainability aspirations have not necessarily coincided with occupants’ lifestyles,

resulting in removal, under-performance, or additional provision (such as the building of a carpark).

출처 : Landscape Architecture and Environmental Sustainability (2017) - 306page