지역별 자료/서부유럽

딸기 - 스페인 물분쟁의 시작점

bus333 2023. 6. 13. 12:01

https://www.fresondepalos.es/en/2018/04/11/calendar-strawberry-cultivation-spain/

 

 

 

본격적으로 기사에 들어가기 앞서서 스페인 딸기에 관한 기본 정보

 

Most of Spain's strawberries come from the Huelva region, home to most Spanish soft fruit varieties. The strawberry season starts in late November/early December, with demand usually peaking around the holidays.

 

Huelva region

 

 

 

https://www.cbi.eu/market-information/fresh-fruit-vegetables/strawberries/market-potential#which-european-countries-offer-most-opportunities-for-strawberries (기사에서 딸기에 관한 문제가 왜 독일에서 촉발되었는지를 보여주는 그래프)

 

 

 

 

SPAIN FRETS OVER GERMAN THREAT TO BOYCOTT ‘DROUGHT STRAWBERRIES’

 

Financial Times - 2023.06.06

 

 

 

 

Doñana aquifer = acuifero doñana

 

 

A clash over water use in Spain’s parched agricultural sector risks tarnishing one of the country’s most recognisable exports in European supermarkets: strawberries.

 

Teresa Ribera, Spain’s Socialist environment minister, told the Financial Times some farmers were facing “real reputational risk” as a German activist group campaigns for a boycott of what it dubbed “drought strawberries”.

 

The dispute is rooted in legislation proposed by the conservative government of Andalusia, which critics say would legalise as many as 1,000 illegal wells used by farmers and threaten to drain one of Europe’s most important wetlands, Doñana.

 

It comes as water scarcity is an increasingly critical issue for Europe, where temperatures are rising faster than on any other continent and tensions are growing between multiple water users and demands for environmental protection.

 

The conflict is stoking tensions between the ruling Socialist party and the conservative People’s party. Prime minister Pedro Sánchez called a snap general election last week the day after suffering a stinging defeat in regional polls at the hands of the PP, which won in several regions previously held by the Socialists.

 

Ribera, who is also a deputy prime minister, said the Andalusian plan was “generating panic”. She accused the regional president Juan Manuel Moreno Bonilla of “calculated ambiguity” for suggesting farmers could use all the water they wanted without acknowledging that it would deplete Doñana’s groundwater.

 

The proposal has prompted Campact, a leftwing German activist group, to call on big supermarket chains such as Lidl and Aldi to stop buying produce grown around Doñana, part of the berry-producing Huelva province of Andalusia.

 

The group claims Spain is risking a disaster in order to grow cheap strawberries for Germany’s consumers and an online petition it launched has attracted about 160,000 signatures. After Germany, which imported 196mn of Spanish strawberries last year, the sector’s biggest export markets are the UK, France and Italy.

 

Ribera said she was deeply concerned by the boycott call. “Strawberry producers in Spain who comply with the law, who have water rights, do not deserve the reputational risk that Moreno Bonilla’s move represents,” she said.

 

Aggravating the situation, 35 per cent of Spain Huelva included is in the midst of a “prolonged drought”, according to the central government.

 

EU environment commissioner Virginijus Sinkevičius, who is sharpening the bloc’s focus on water scarcity, met Spanish lawmakers in Brussels in April at their request to discuss the issue. He was promptly criticised by the European People’s Party, of which the Spanish PP is a member, which accused him of campaigning for the Socialists. Sinkevičius, who is a Lithuanian Green politician, has denied those claims.

 

A cross-party delegation of nine German members of parliament will visit Spain this week on a “fact finding” mission about Doñana and are set to hold talks with the regional government in Andalusia and the central government in Madrid.

 

Aldi Nord, a division that includes Spain and northern Germany, said that since mid-2022 it had required all its Andalusian fruit and vegetable suppliers to be certified in accordance with accepted standards for sustainable groundwater use and irrigation.

 

The PP says its legislative plan is designed to address the legitimate economic concerns of farmers by reversing a 2014 law passed when the Socialists ran Andalusia that ended the classification of a swath of territory as agricultural land and removed its water rights. The conservatives, who increased their share of the vote in the area around Doñana in the latest regional elections, have the backing of the hard-right Vox party to change the law.

 

Any wells opened in the area since 2014 are currently illegal. Ribera said the central government had closed 700 such wells. But the authorities struggle to identify all of them or their users because they are often hidden under vegetation and accessed only early in the morning. The Socialist party has also been criticised for not doing more to protect Doñana, including in the period until 2019 when it ran Andalusia.

 

The European Commission has said the Andalusian proposal contravenes a European Court of Justice ruling in 2021 that ordered Spain to take action.

 

The PP says its proposed bill would “in no way harm the Doñana aquifer” but would instead allow for the collection of surface water. The central government has rebuffed that argument. On Friday the PP said it would allow a prominent biologist who has been critical of its plan to testify to the Andalusian parliament, reversing his previous exclusion.

 

 

 

스페인의 메마른 농업 부문에서 물 사용에 대한 충돌로 인해 유럽 슈퍼마켓에서 가장 잘 알려진 수출품 중 하나인 딸기가 손상될 위험이 있습니다.

스페인 사회당 환경부 장관인 테레사 리베라는 파이낸셜 타임즈와의 인터뷰에서 독일 활동가 단체가 '가뭄 딸기'라고 부르는 제품에 대한 불매 운동을 벌이면서 일부 농부들이 "진정한 평판 위험"에 직면하고 있다고 말했습니다.

이 분쟁은 보수적인 안달루시아 정부가 제안한 법안에 뿌리를 두고 있는데, 비평가들은 이 법안이 농부들이 사용하는 1,000개의 불법 우물을 합법화하고 유럽에서 가장 중요한 습지 중 하나인 도냐나를 위협할 것이라고 말합니다.

다른 어떤 대륙보다 기온이 빠르게 상승하고 있고 여러 물 사용자와 환경 보호에 대한 요구 사이에 긴장이 고조되고 있는 유럽에서 물 부족이 점점 더 중요한 문제가 되고 있는 가운데 나온 조치입니다.

이 갈등은 집권 사회당과 보수적인 인민당 사이의 긴장을 고조시키고 있습니다. 페드로 산체스 총리는 지난주 지역 투표에서 사회당이 장악하고 있던 여러 지역에서 승리한 인민당에 완패를 당한 다음 날 총선을 전격적으로 소집했습니다.

부총리이기도 한 리베라는 안달루시아의 계획이 "공황을 일으키고 있다"고 말했습니다. 그녀는 후안 마누엘 모레노 보니야 지역 대통령이 도냐나의 지하수를 고갈시킬 것이라는 사실을 인정하지 않고 농민들이 원하는 모든 물을 사용할 수 있다고 제안한 것에 대해 "계산된 모호함"이라고 비난했습니다.

이 제안으로 인해 독일의 좌파 활동가 단체인 캄팩트(Campact)는 안달루시아의 베리 생산지인 우엘바 지방의 도냐나 주변에서 재배되는 농산물의 구매를 중단할 것을 Lidl과 Aldi와 같은 대형 슈퍼마켓 체인에 촉구했습니다.

이 단체는 스페인이 독일 소비자를 위해 값싼 딸기를 재배하기 위해 재앙의 위험을 감수하고 있다고 주장하며, 온라인 청원에는 약 16만 명의 서명을 받고 있습니다. 작년에 1억 9,600만 유로의 스페인 딸기를 수입한 독일 다음으로 스페인 딸기의 가장 큰 수출 시장은 영국, 프랑스, 이탈리아입니다.

리베라는 불매 운동에 대해 깊은 우려를 표명했습니다. "법을 준수하고 수자원권을 가진 스페인의 딸기 생산자들은 모레노 보니야의 움직임으로 인해 평판 위험을 감수할 자격이 없습니다."라고 그녀는 말했습니다.

중앙 정부에 따르면 우엘바를 포함한 스페인의 35%가 "장기적인 가뭄"에 시달리고 있어 상황이 더욱 악화되고 있습니다.

물 부족에 대한 블록의 초점을 선명하게하고있는 EU 환경 위원 인 Virginijus Sinkevičius는이 문제를 논의 해달라는 요청에 따라 4 월 브뤼셀에서 스페인 의원들을 만났습니다. 그는 스페인 사회당이 소속된 유럽인민당으로부터 사회당을 위해 선거운동을 했다는 비난을 받았습니다. 리투아니아 녹색당 정치인인 신케비치우스는 이러한 주장을 부인했습니다.

독일 국회의원 9명으로 구성된 초당파 대표단은 이번 주 도냐나에 대한 '사실 확인' 임무를 위해 스페인을 방문하고 안달루시아 지방 정부 및 마드리드 중앙 정부와 회담을 가질 예정입니다.

스페인과 독일 북부를 포함하는 사업부인 Aldi Nord는 2022년 중반부터 모든 안달루시아 과일 및 채소 공급업체가 지속 가능한 지하수 사용 및 관개에 대해 허용되는 표준에 따라 인증을 받도록 요구했다고 밝혔습니다.

PP는 이 입법 계획이 사회당이 안달루시아를 집권했을 때 통과된 2014년 법안을 뒤집어 광범위한 영토를 농지로 분류하고 수자원 권리를 제거함으로써 농부들의 정당한 경제적 우려를 해결하기 위해 고안된 것이라고 말했습니다. 최근 지방 선거에서 도냐나 주변 지역에서 득표율을 높인 보수당은 강경 우파 복스(Vox) 당의 지원을 받아 법을 개정할 수 있게 되었습니다.

2014년 이후 이 지역에 개설된 모든 우물은 현재 불법입니다. 리베라는 중앙 정부가 700개의 우물을 폐쇄했다고 말했다. 그러나 당국은 우물이 초목 아래에 숨겨져 있고 이른 아침에만 접근이 가능하기 때문에 우물이나 우물 사용자를 모두 파악하는 데 어려움을 겪고 있습니다. 사회당은 또한 안달루시아를 운영하던 2019년까지 도냐나를 보호하기 위해 더 많은 노력을 기울이지 않았다는 비판을 받아왔습니다.

유럽위원회는 안달루시아의 제안이 스페인에 조치를 취하도록 명령한 2021년 유럽사법재판소 판결에 위배된다고 말했습니다.

PP는 제안 된 법안이 "도나 나 대수층에 해를 끼치 지 않고"대신 지표수 수집을 허용 할 것이라고 말했습니다. 중앙 정부는 이 주장을 반박했습니다. 금요일에 PP는 그 계획에 비판적이었던 저명한 생물학자가 안달루시아 의회에서 증언 할 수 있도록 허용하여 이전의 배제를 되돌릴 것이라고 말했습니다.

 

 

 

 

 

Spain: Major producer with mainly opportunities for Moroccan production

Spain is the largest producer and supplier of strawberries in Europe. Despite its local production, there are still specific windows when foreign farmers (mainly from Morocco) can supply Spain with strawberries.

Spain generally produces between 340,000 and 400,000 tonnes of strawberries. In 2020 the harvest was much lower at 272,600 tonnes due to adverse weather conditions, but still enough to be Europe’s leading producer. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic there was also less demand from buyers in France as well as in the food service industry.

Spain exports strawberries throughout the year, but the main season runs from February to May. High investments in cultivation combined with the current risks have offset some of the Spanish strawberry farmers. Other farmers are investing in early varieties so they can enter the market earlier in the season.

Moroccan suppliers in particular should follow the developments in Spain. More than 80% of Spain’s strawberry imports originate in Morocco – a volume of 15,000 tonnes. In Morocco, the season is slightly different and production costs are lower. Morocco supplies Spain mainly between November and March. A minor volume of 100 to 500 tonnes is flown in annually from Peru between October and December.

 

<출처 : https://www.cbi.eu/market-information/fresh-fruit-vegetables/strawberries/market-potential#which-european-countries-offer-most-opportunities-for-strawberries>

 

 

스페인: 주로 모로코산 딸기를 생산하는 주요 생산국

스페인은 유럽에서 딸기를 가장 많이 생산하고 공급하는 국가입니다. 현지 생산에도 불구하고 외국 농부(주로 모로코)가 스페인에 딸기를 공급할 수 있는 특정 시기가 여전히 존재합니다.

스페인은 일반적으로 34만~40만 톤의 딸기를 생산합니다. 2020년에는 불리한 기상 조건으로 인해 수확량이 272,600톤으로 훨씬 적었지만, 여전히 유럽 최고의 생산국이 되기에는 충분했습니다. 코로나19 팬데믹으로 인해 프랑스 내 바이어와 외식업계의 수요도 감소했습니다.

스페인은 일 년 내내 딸기를 수출하지만, 2월부터 5월까지가 주요 시즌입니다. 재배에 대한 높은 투자와 현재의 위험이 결합되어 일부 스페인 딸기 농가는 손해를 보고 있습니다. 다른 농부들은 시즌 초기에 시장에 진입할 수 있도록 조생종 품종에 투자하고 있습니다.

특히 모로코 공급업체들은 스페인의 상황을 주시해야 합니다. 스페인 딸기 수입량의 80% 이상이 모로코에서 생산되며, 그 양은 15,000톤에 달합니다. 모로코에서는 계절이 약간 다르고 생산 비용이 더 낮습니다. 모로코는 주로 11월에서 3월 사이에 스페인에 공급합니다. 페루에서는 매년 10월과 12월 사이에 100~500톤의 소량이 들어옵니다.

 

 

 

Clustering Groundwater Level Time Series of the Exploited Almonte-Marismas Aquifer in Southwest Spain.pdf
5.51MB

 

 

 

 

https://www.jnnews.co.kr/news/view.php?idx=361949

 

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