지역별 자료/러시아,동유럽

러시아 관련 자료들 (그림, 지도 등)

bus333 2016. 10. 1. 11:33

 

A Geography of Russia and Its Neighbors

by Mikhail S. Blinnikov PhD  2010

 

 

Comprehensive and authoritative, this text offers an accessible introduction to post-Soviet Eurasia.
Students get a solid grounding in the physical, cultural, political, and economic geography of this rapidly changing region.
Core thematic chapters focus primarily on Russia but also incorporate relevant information on the other 14 former Soviet republics.
Regional chapters provide concise discussions of each republic and of Russia's main regions.

 

이 책은 러시아 이해를 위한 학생용 지리교재로 개발된 책으로 2010년에 발간되었습니다.

 

책의 그림중에서 선생님들께 도움이 될만한 그림들을 뽑아서 올려봅니다.

 

 

 

<Russian Physical Geography>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

<Biomes of Northern Eurasia>

(a) Natural net productivity in grams per square meter per year.

 

 

(b) Tundra is shown in white,

taiga forest in gray,

deciduous forest in black,

steppe in horizontal hatching,
desert in dots.

Mountainous areas are shown in vertical hatching.

 

 

 

 

<Russia's terriotorial expansion>

 

 

 

 

<Biggest cities in Russia>

 

 

 

<Population distribution>

 

 

 

<Population of Russian in each nations>

 

인접국중에서는 카자흐스탄이 러시안 비율이 가장 높고

러시안이 가장 많이 사는 국가는 우크라이나입니다.

 

 

 

<GRP per capita>

 

 

 

<The Central Federal District of Moscow>

 

 

 

<Moscow's four functional zones>

 

Moscow’s four functional zones:

(1) the historical core (pre-1800);

(2) the old periphery (19th century);

(3) the Soviet industrial belt (1920–1960);

(4) sleeping quarters and parks (post-1960).


Note the slight asymmetry caused by prevailing winds from the west;

more factories were located east than west of downtown.

 

이거 완전 '신기 방기'한 내용인 걸요~!!

 

 

<Figure 11.9 Yasenevo>

a typical late Soviet microrayon, built in the 1980s on the periphery of Moscow.

It has multistory apartment buildings, playgrounds, day care centers, schools, clinics,

and shops along the periphery.

The retail kiosks date from the 1990s

 

<Figure 11.10 - Plan of a Soviet microrayon>

 

Plan of a Soviet microrayon of 1975, about 800 by 600 m in size.

Apartment buildings range from 9 to 22 stories.

The small squares are stores, a post office, a café, and so on.

There are four child care facilities, two schools (grades K–10), and one health care clinic.

Trees, playgrounds, and garages occupy the spaces between the buildings.

Such a microrayon would house 15,000 to 20,000 people.

 

Sleeping Quarters


Sleeping quarters (microrayony) were built to accommodate the people who would work in the industrial belt.

The later microrayonys of the 1970s came close to embodying the Soviet planners’ ideal of self-contained residential units,
with everything but work available locally (Figures 11.9 and 11.10).

 

A typical microrayon would be a city area of about 35 ha in size, surrounded by streets with mass transit

(buses, trolleys, sometimes trams).

 

It would include about 10–12 large apartment buildings; 6–8 stores; a school; a clinic; and perhaps a library or a small stadium surrounded by playgrounds, tree-covered areas, and flowerbeds.

 

Workers who lived here would still need to get to their work by mass transit, but much of their lives

(and almost all their children’s lives; see Vignette 11.1) could be lived inside the microrayon.

 

There was enough distance allowed between buildings to let air and sunlight

 

 

 

 

 

제가 좋아하는 제이슨 본 시리즈 영화를 보면

모스크바 촬영 장면에서 다른 서부 유럽국가 보다 유독 아파트를 많이 볼 수 있었는데

나름 이유(Sleeping Quarters)가 있었네요.

 

 

 

Stavropol, Russia

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.rfa.org/korean/weekly_program/ad81ae08c99d-d480c5b4c90db2c8b2e4/askquestion-08222018142958.html

 

 

눈과 얼음의 나라 – 러시아 이야기 <2부>

 

www.rfa.org

 

 

차상욱 건축사: 주택의 구조는 지역의 기후적 특성을 고스란히 반영합니다. 러시아의 주택에서 가장  중요하게 고려하는 사항이 난방입니다. 난방을 고려하게 되면 일차적으로 주택을 이루는 구성요소들이 묵직하고 두꺼워지게 됩니다.

러시아의 주택은 크게 아파트와 단독주택으로 나눠서 말씀드릴 수 있는데  먼저 아파트를 말씀드리겠습니다. 러시아의 도시를 구성하는 아파트는 제정 러시아 시절에 지어진 것에서부터 후르시초프 시절에 대량으로 공급된 것을 비롯해서 최근 부동산 붐을 타고 지어진 고층 주상복합형에 이르기 까지 다양하지만 우리나라와 비교할 때 거기에서 발견되는 차이점은 모두 난방과 관련된 것으로 모아집니다.

우리나라 아파트의 경우 거실에 배치하는 창을 높고 넓은 것으로 설치하지만 러시아의 경우, 오랫동안 거실공간이 따로 없는 평면구조가 일반화되어 있었던 탓도 있지만 거실이 따로 있는 구조에서도 거실 창을 넓게 두지 않는 게 일반적입니다. 지구 어디서든 창을 넓게 두는 경우 빛을 많이 받아들이는데 유리하기는 마찬가지인데 러시아의 태양은 여름에 지겹도록 하늘에 떠있는 반면 겨울에는 짧게 나타났다 사라지기 때문에 빛의 장점을 취하기보다 겨울철 열손실을 막는 것에 우선하였기 때문인 듯합니다.

따라서 남향에 대한 선호도 또한 우리에 비하면 크지 않습니다. 한여름의 태양은 동쪽에서 뜨지 않고 거의 북쪽에 가까운 북동쪽에서 떠서 저녁 늦은 시간에 북서쪽으로 지기 때문에 바라보는 향이 어디든 태양 빛을 받는 것이 가능하기 때문입니다. 모스크바보다 조금 더 북쪽에 위치한 도시에서는 종일 떠있는 태양빛을 가려야 잠을 잘 수 있기 때문에 아예 방마다 검은 암막을 두는 것이 특징일 정도입니다.

기자: 창문을 작게 해서 열손실을 최대한 막는 구조란 것이 귀에 쏙들어오는데요. 좀 갑갑하게 느껴지지 않을까 하는 생각도 드네요. 벽도 역시 단열에 초점을 두고 건설하겠죠?

차상욱 건축사: 아파트의 벽체는 구 소련시절에 공급된 것들도 단열층을 두고 있고 나무로 만든 창문도 견고하게 짜여진 이중창 구조인 것을 보고 놀라워했던 적이 있습니다. 이렇게 잘 갖춰진 단열구조에도 불구하고 국가가 제공되는 난방방식은 가히 산유국으로서의 러시아만이 감당할 수 있는 공산주의적 특성을 유지하고 있습니다.

우리나라의 경우 열병합 발전소에 인접한 일부 아파트 단지만이 저렴한 온수난방의 혜택을 볼 수 있는데 비해 러시아에서는 거의 모든 아파트들이 수많은 열병합 발전소에서 공급되는 온수로 난방과 생활온수의 혜택을 누리기 때문입니다. 이점 하나는 공산주의를 국가운영방식으로 체택한 나라가 국민에게 제공하는 장점이 아닐까하는 생각도 하게 됩니다.

기자: 단독주택의 경우는 어떻습니까?

차상욱 건축사: 러시아의 단독주택은 그 유형의 다양성만큼이나 단열과 난방방식이 다양하게 사용되므로 특징을 몇 가지로 한정지어 말하기는 어렵습니다. 하지만 형태적 측면에서 공통점을 찾자면 아무래도 쌓인 눈으로부터 집을 보호하기 위해 경사가 급한 지붕형태를 선호하는 점을 들 수 있습니다. 많은 눈을 오랫동안 이고 있게 되면 건축물에 부담을 주는 것이 사실이라서 적설하중이라는 것은 우리에게도 지역에 따라 설계에 고려하는 문제입니다. 그것 때문에 더 많은 비용을 들여 지붕구조를 강화하는데 투자하기보다 지붕경사를 급하게 하고 그 내부를 공간으로 활용하는 방식은 그 지역에 맞는 합리적 건축방식이 아닐 수 없습니다.

궁금증을 풀어드립니다. 오늘은 러시아의 의식주에 관한 이야기를 아이에프 건축사사무소 차상욱 대표를 통해 들어봤습니다. 지금까지 진행에는 rfa 자유아시아방송 이진서입니다. 고맙습니다.

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jun/12/moscows-suburbs-may-look-monolithic-but-the-stories-they-tell-are-not

 

Moscow's suburbs may look monolithic, but the stories they tell are not

At the end of the 1950s, the Soviet Union began the largest experiment in industrialised housing in history. Owen Hatherley visits three of Moscow’s resulting mikrorayons, where the majority of Muscovites still live today

www.theguardian.com

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.rbth.com/history/335477-apartment-buildings-in-russia

 

Apartment buildings in Russia: 100 years ago and today (PHOTOS)

How did Russian multi-apartment houses evolve? From hotels of the 19th century to contemporary huge ‘house-cities.’

www.rbth.com

 

 

 

 

<Dacha plot near Moscow>

 

러시아 문화에서 가장 특징적인 것 중에 하나가 Dacha문화입니다

 

 

Valentina’s Dacha


Valentina is a busy woman. She raised five children and now has six grandchildren.

 

She is retired, and although she lives in Moscow,

she spends half of the year on her beloved dacha about 50 km east of Moscow.

 

Beside the small cabin (which she and her husband expanded into four rooms from the original two),

she has about 0.03 ha of land to farm.

 

This is admittedly not much, but every square meter is diligently cultivated.

Her husband holds three jobs in the city to keep the family above the poverty line.

Nevertheless, some food must come from the tiny plot of land that she cultivates.

 

She leaves the city in late spring, after the snowmelt in April, and returns in October.

 

She sometimes travels to the city for shopping,

but mostly she quietly spends time on her dacha planting, digging, hoeing, watering, weeding, and harvesting.

 

She plants common crops: lettuce, cucumbers, carrots, beets, cabbage, herbs, strawberries for the grandkids, and other staples.

 

The climate near Moscow is too cold to produce good tomatoes or eggplant,

so she does not plant those;

she does not have enough land for potatoes, either.


She does like to have a few rows seeded in wild and garden flowers to keep the place pretty.

 

She claims that her chores keep her healthy.

 

Two of her grandchildren live in Moscow and spend most of their summers with their grandma.

 

They also help with chores, although they are both preschool age.

 

 

 

Dacha plot layout of 0.06 ha (about one-seventh of an acre).

 

Buildings:

I, house; II, sauna; III, storage shed; IV, sand pit for the grandkids; V, outhouse;

VI, compost pile; VII, well; VIII, pond; IX, parking area; X, woodpile. Vegetables and flowers:


1, garlic; 2, radishes and cucumbers; 3, lettuce and dill; 4, beans; 5, turnips and cabbage;

6, peas; 7, carrots; 8, onions; 9, strawberries; 10, meadow; 11, raspberries; 12, lupins;
13, other annual flowers; 14, other annuals and spring wildflowers; 15, perennials;

16, alpine plants; 17, tulips; 18, zucchini; 19, parsley. Shrubs and trees:


a, wild rose; b, black currants; c, red currants; d, apple tree; e, pear tree; f, juniper; g, Japanese quince;

h, lilac; j, pine tree; m, hazelnut; n, jasmine; o, more lilacs; p, linden tree.

 

 

 

<a typical small collective farm of the late soviet period>

 

A typical small collective farm of the late Soviet period, with two villages stretched along the river,

a few fields to the north, a forest, an orchard (large dots), a central office, and a tractor station (shaded blocks in the middle).

 

The old village church (on the left near the cemetery) was remodeled into a club.

Homes have small garden plots next to them.

Between the homes and the fields are communal potato plots.

 

 

<Russia’s grain production. Each dot represents 100,000 metric tonnes harvested in 2005>

 

 

 

 

<Gulag map>

 

Major projects of Stalinism (1930–1953).
The main GULAG areas are circled. Map: J. Torguson.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

<Tourism>

 

우랄산맥이 한국의 설악산쯤 되는가 봅니다.

흑해연안은 건강과 휴양, 캄차카는 액티비티

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Cultural Landscape - An Introduction to Human Geography by James M. Rubenstein (13th) (2020) Pearson - 280page

 

 

 

 

구소련 지도

Introduction to International Relations - Theory and Practice by Joyce P. Kaufman (3rd) (2022) 19page